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Solar Wind Conditions and Composition During the Genesis Mission as Measured by in situ Spacecraft

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We describe the Genesis mission solar-wind sample collection period and the solar wind conditions at the L1 point during this 2.3-year period. In order to relate the solar wind samples to solar composition, the conditions under which the samples were collected must be understood in the context of the long-term solar wind. We find that the state of the solar wind was typical of conditions over the past four solar cycles. However, Genesis spent a relatively large fraction of the time in coronal-hole flow as compared to what might have been expected for the declining phase of the solar cycle. Data from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) are used to determine the effectiveness of the Genesis solar-wind regime selection algorithm. The data collected by SWICS confirm that the Genesis algorithm successfully separated and collected solar wind regimes having distinct solar origins, particularly in the case of the coronal hole sample. The SWICS data also demonstrate that the different regimes are elementally fractionated. When compared with Ulysses composition data from the previous solar cycle, we find a similar degree of fractionation between regimes as well as fractionation relative to the average photospheric composition.

The Genesis solar wind samples are under long-term curation at NASA Johnson Space Center so that as sample analysis techniques evolve, pristine solar wind samples will be available to the scientific community in the decades to come. This article and a companion paper (Wiens et al. 2013, this issue) provide post-flight information necessary for the analysis of the Genesis array and foil solar wind samples and the Genesis solar wind ion concentrator samples, and thus serve to complement the Space Science Review volume, The Genesis Mission (v. 105, 2003).

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Notes

  1. These 35 intervals contain 51 entries from the R&C list. Due to the persistence condition of the Genesis regime algorithm (see Sect. 4.2.3), multiple CMEs were often collected during the same regime interval, in cases where CMEs followed in rapid succession.

Abbreviations

B:

Bulk collectors that were at the top of the stack and in the Canister lid. These were exposed continuously during the science collection period

E:

Collector array directly below the B array. This array was exposed to coronal mass ejection flows and questionable flows

H:

Collector array below the E array. This array was exposed to high-speed, or coronal hole flows

L:

Bottom collector array in the stack. This array was exposed to low-speed, or interstream wind

S:

Collectors in the SRC lid, primarily to investigate radioactive nuclei in the solar wind

CME:

Coronal mass ejections

CH:

Coronal hole, or fast wind

IS:

Insterstream, or slow wind

S/C:

Spacecraft

SRC:

Science return capsule

SKM:

Station keeping maneuvers, which occurred approximately every 2 months

LOI:

L1 orbit insertion, which occurred prior to the beginning of the science collection phase of the mission

L1:

The Lagrangian point between the Earth and the Sun

Unshaded position:

Rotational position of the deployable solar-wind collector arrays where individual, regime-specific arrays were exposed.

Deployed position:

Rotational position of the deployable solar-wind collector arrays where the B array remained during collection, and where the regime-specific arrays were positioned when they were not exposed or acting as a contamination barrier

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the NASA Laboratory Analysis of Returned Samples (LARS) program (Grants NNX10AH57G and NNH10A046I) and the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) for supporting this work. The OMNI data were obtained from the GSFC/SPDF OMNIWeb interface at http://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov. The authors thank the ACE science team for making their data available for this study. T.H.Z. and J.R. were supported in part by NASA grant NNX08AI11G.

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  1. University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA

    Daniel B. Reisenfeld, Roger C. Wiens, Bruce L. Barraclough, John T. Steinberg, Marcia Neugebauer, Jim Raines & Thomas H. Zurbuchen

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Reisenfeld, D.B., Wiens, R.C., Barraclough, B.L. et al. Solar Wind Conditions and Composition During the Genesis Mission as Measured by in situ Spacecraft. Space Sci Rev 175, 125–164 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-013-9960-2

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