Volcanic tsunami: a review of source mechanisms, past events and hazards in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea)

Paris, Raphaël; Switzer, Adam D.; Belousova, Marina; Belousov, Alexander; Ontowirjo, Budianto; Whelley, Patrick L.; Ulvrova, Martina

doi:10.1007/s11069-013-0822-8

Table 1 Catalogue of volcanic tsunamis in Southeast Asia

From: Volcanic tsunami: a review of source mechanisms, past events and hazards in Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea)

See More Years	Month	Days	Country	Location	Volcano	Latitude	Longitude	Max run-up	Deaths	Cause of tsunami	Additional information	References
2007	5	19	Papua New Guinea	Bismarck Sea	Ritter Island	−5.500	148.100	10 (2)	No	Landslides?	1,500–2,000 residents evacuated	1
1994	9	19	Papua New Guinea	New Britain	Rabaul	−4.238	152.214	8 (4)	No	Pyroclastic flows		2, 3
1983	8	17	Indonesia	Lembata	Iliwerung	−8.532	123.573			Underwater explosions?		1
1981	10	20	Indonesia	Krakatau	Krakatau	−6.100	105.423	2 (4)	No	Landslide?	Subaerial activity	16
1979	7	18	Indonesia	Lembata	Iliwerung	−8.532	123.573	9 (<10)	>539	Landslide	Inundation up to 1,500 m inland	4, 17
1974	10	17	Papua New Guinea	Bismarck Sea	Ritter Island	−5.500	148.100	0.5 (10)	No	Landslide?	Tsunami of low amplitude	4, 5
1973			Indonesia	Lembata	Iliwerung	−8.532	123.573			Underwater explosions?	Formation of a new island	1
1972	10	9	Papua New Guinea	Bismarck Sea	Ritter Island	−5.500	148.100		No	Underwater explosions?	Tsunami of low amplitude	5
1969	3	21	Philippines	Luzon	Didicas	19.077	122.202		3	Underwater explosions?	3 fishermen killed (cause?)	1
1965	9	28	Philippines	Luzon	Taal	14.000	121.000	4.7 (2.5)	>150	Air waves?	Tsunami capsized boats	6
1937	5	28	Papua New Guinea	New Britain	Rabaul	−4.238	152.214	6 (2.5)	Few	Pyroclastic flows and/or explosions		7
1933	12	25	Philippines	Samar Island		12.800	124.000		9	Typhoon?	Bulusan volcano was active	7, 8
1930	3	17	Indonesia	Krakatau	Krakatau	−6.100	105.423		No	Underwater explosions		7
1928	3	26	Indonesia	Krakatau	Krakatau	−6.102	105.423		No	Underwater explosions	9 sea-level oscillations	9
1928	8	4	Indonesia	Flores Sea	Paluweh Island	−8.300	121.700	10 (15)	128	Landslide?	3 waves, 5 villages destroyed	7, 10
1919	4	3	Indonesia	Sangihe	Banua Wuhu	3.100	125.500		No	Underwater explosions	Water rose 5 m over the volcano	7
1918	7	18	Indonesia	Sangihe	Banua Wuhu	3.100	125.500	<0.1	No	Underwater explosions		7
1911	1	27	Philippines	Luzon	Taal	14.000	121.000	3 (9)	>50	Pyroclastic surges or air waves?	All shores of the lake affected	11
1892	6	7	Indonesia	Sangihe	Awu	3.700	125.600	<1 (900)	No	Shock wave?	Tsunami in Ambon and Sumbawa	7
1889	9	6	Indonesia	Sangihe		3.100	125.500	4 (150)	No	Earthquake	Eruption of Ruang or Banua Wuhu?	7, 10
1888	3	13	Papua New Guinea	Bismarck Sea	Ritter Island	−5.600	148.100	12 (23)	500–3000	Debris avalanche	Inundation locally > 1 km inland	5, 7
1884	2		Indonesia	Krakatau	Krakatau	−6.102	105.423		No	Underwater explosion?		7
1883	10	10	Indonesia	Krakatau	Krakatau	−6.102	105.423		No	Landslide?	Inundation 75 m in Java (Cikawung)	7
1883	8	26–27	Indonesia	Krakatau	Krakatau	−6.102	105.423	37 (60)	~35,000	Pyroclastic flows		12
1878	2	4	Papua New Guinea	New Britain	Rabaul	−4.238	152.214	4 (2)	Yes	Earthquake	Underwater eruption after tsunami	7, 13
1871	4	30	Philippines	Sulu Sea	Camiguin	9.203	124.673		No	Pyroclastic flows?	Camiguin Island inundated by 1 wave	7
1871	3	3	Indonesia	Sangihe	Ruang	2.300	125.400	25 (2)	>400		Many victims at an island facing the volcano	7, 10
1857	4	17	Papua New Guinea	New Guinea		−5.059	147.875		Yes	Earthquake?	A volcano rose from the water near Umboi	7, 13
1856	3	2	Indonesia	Sangihe	Awu	3.700	125.600		Few	Pyroclastic flow		7
1845	2	8	Indonesia	Sulawesi		1.108	124.725		118	Earthquake?	VEI 2 eruption of Soputan volcano	7, 10
1840	2	14	Indonesia	Halmahera	Gamalama?	0.800	127.325				No earthquake	7
1815	4	10	Indonesia	Sumbawa	Tambora	−8.200	118.000	3.5 (60)		Pyroclastic flows	Island subsidence 5–6 m	7, 14
1754	5	13	Philippines	Luzon	Taal	14.000	121.000		<10	Pyroclastic flows	4 villages destroyed	15
1749	8	11	Philippines	Luzon	Taal	14.000	121.000			Pyroclastic flows?	Waves in northern basin of the lake	15
1716	9	24	Philippines	Luzon	Taal	14.000	121.000			Underwater explosions	Waves lashing the SE shores of the lake	15
1673	8	12	Indonesia	Halmahera	Gamkonora	1.375	127.520		Yes	Earthquake and landslides	Landslides and rock falls for 2 months	1, 7, 10
1660			Papua New Guinea	New Guinea	Long Island	−5.358	147.120		Yes	Pyroclastic flows?	Approximate date (±20 years)	1
1659	11	11	Indonesia	Banda Sea	Teon	−6.900	129.200	1.5 (360)		Pyroclastic flows?	Wave observed in Ambon Bay	7
1608	7	1	Indonesia	Halmahera	Gamalama?	0.800	127.325		Yes		Ships run aground on the reef	1, 7
1550			Indonesia	Halmahera	Makian	0.325	127.400				Approximate age, uncertain event	1

Death toll includes only victims from tsunami (not from eruptive processes). Maximum run-up (in metres) is given at a known distance from the volcano (in kilometres)
1: GVP database (Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution); 2: Blong and McKee (1995); 3: Nishimura et al. (2005); 4: Soloviev et al. (1992); 5: Cooke (1981); 6: Moore et al. (1966); 7: Soloviev and Go (1974); van Padang (1953); 9: Stehn (1929); 10: Berninghausen (1969); 11: Maso and Saderra (1911); 12: Verbeek (1886); 13: Everingham (1977); 14: Stothers (1984); 15: Maso and Saderra (1904); 16: Camus et al. (1987); 17: Lassa (2009).

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