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Modulation of placental inflammation by Azadirachta indica in rat models of diabetes-induced maternal and fetal complications

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Maternal diabetes mellitus (MDM) is associated with an increased risk of fetal and placental malformations compared with normal pregnancies. The leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) has been employed as a bioactive agent with proven antidiabetic potential. Beyond its hypoglycemic effects, neem extract has been reported to reduce inflammatory markers, ameliorate insulin resistance, and enhance blood circulation. In the present study, pregnant female rats were allocated into four experimental groups: (I) control (C), (II) neem-treated (N), (III) type 2 diabetes mellitus–induced (D), and (IV) diabetic pregnant rats treated with neem extract (D + N). Diabetic dams exhibited marked elevations in serum glucose, insulin, and lipid profile parameters. Moreover, a significant increase in IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, accompanied by a significant reduction in IL-10 levels, was recorded in comparison with controls. Treatment of diabetic dams with neem extract resulted in significant improvements in maternal body weight, reproductive performance, and fetal morphology relative to untreated diabetic rats. Histopathological examination of placental tissues revealed that neem supplementation normalized the decidual layer, increased its thickness, and enhanced the structure of the junctional zone (JZ) and labyrinth zone (LZ) compared to diabetic controls. In conclusion, administration of Azadirachta indica leaf extract demonstrated protective effects against diabetes-induced alterations in pregnancy. It improved maternal metabolic and inflammatory profiles, enhanced reproductive outcomes, and preserved the histological integrity of placental tissues in diabetic rats.

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Data will be available when requested from the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

CHO:

Cholesterol

DM:

Diabetes mellitus

T1DM:

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

GD:

Gestational diabetes

H&E:

Hematoxylin and Eosin

HDL:

High density lipoprotein

IL-10:

Interleukin-10

INF-γ:

Interferon- gamma

IP:

Intraperitoneal

LDL:

Low density lipoprotein

NO:

Nitric Oxide

rpm:

Revolutions per minute

SEM:

Standard error of the mean

STZ:

Streptozotocin

TG:

Triglycerides

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor- alpha

D:

Decidua

JZ:

Iunctional zone

LZ:

Labyrinth zone

IUGR:

Intrauterine growth restriction

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the botanical team from the Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Mansoura University, under the supervision of Prof. Ghada A. El-Sherbeny, Professor of Plant Ecology and Pollution.

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Open access funding was supplied through collaboration between the Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) and the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Amoura M. Abou-El-Naga, Heba Atef El Ghaweet, Sherif Helmy Abdeen & Zeinab Sobh EL-Sheikhe

  2. Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

    Hend Abd El-Halim Mansour

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  1. Amoura M. Abou-El-Naga
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A. M. A.: Responsible for paper idea. A. M. A., H. A. E., S. H. A., Z. S. E., and H. A. M.: Sample recruitment; Writing, development, data analysis, biological tests, and revision. H. A. M. :Publication.

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Correspondence to Hend Abd El-Halim Mansour.

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This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Laboratory Animals of the Faculty of Science, Mansoura University (serial No. Sci-Z-M-2020-80). The experiment adhered to the National Institutes of Health's guidelines outlined in their publication (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revised 1996) regarding the care and utilization of laboratory animals.

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Abou-El-Naga, A.M., El Ghaweet, H.A., Abdeen, S.H. et al. Modulation of placental inflammation by Azadirachta indica in rat models of diabetes-induced maternal and fetal complications. J Mol Histol 57, 9 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-025-10658-2

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