Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion – Optic disc edema

- Fundoscopic and SD-OCT findings confirming optic disc swelling

- Etiologies: papilledema, NAION, RVO, demyelinating optic neuropathy, diabetic papillopathy

Inclusion – Pseudopapilledema

- ODD confirmed by B-scan ultrasonography or autofluorescence

- PHOMS with blurred disc margins, consistent with pseudopapilledema, without elevated intracranial pressure or significant vision loss

Inclusion – Healthy controls

- Age 18–65 years

- Best-corrected visual acuity 20/20

- No ocular/systemic disease or optic disc abnormality on OCT or fundoscopy

Exclusion criteria

- Low-quality images

- History of ocular surgery or trauma

- Incomplete clinical/imaging data

- Coexisting retinal or optic nerve disorders

- Clinical/radiological evidence of optic neuropathies or optic neuritis (for PHOMS subgroup)