Fig. 3

Representative NIR images and their SmoothGrad saliency maps. a Optic disc edema, (b) Pseudopapilledema, (c) Normal optic disc, (d) Optic disc edema – SmoothGrad, (e) Pseudopapilledema – SmoothGrad, (f) Normal – SmoothGrad. SmoothGrad visualizations demonstrate the regions most influential for the model’s predictions. Warmer colors indicate higher contribution to the decision, showing that the model primarily focuses on the optic nerve head and peripapillary areas when classifying images