OPS (.pptx for cpp computer science btech 2nd year

OPS (.pptx for cpp computer science btech 2nd year

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  BABA MASTNATH UNIVERSITY A PracticalFile On Object-Oriented Programming Topic:- Procedural Programming V/S Object-Oriented Programming Submitted To: -Ms. Deepika Sharma (Assistant Professor) Submitted By: -Gaurav Yadav (244077) -Sahil (244162)
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  Programming Concepts Programming MODEL Difference betweenProcedural and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) A comprehensive comparison of two major coding approaches in modern software development Explore the Differences
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  A programming paradigmis a methodology or style for solving problems using a specific programming language. Paradigms guide how we structure and think about code, serving as fundamental approaches to software development. Procedural Programming Focuses on procedures/functions that operate on data. Uses a top-down approach where programs are executed step-by-step in sequence. Object-Oriented Programming Organizes code into objects that contain both data and behavior. Promotes concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Functional Programming Treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions. Emphasizes immutable data and expressions over statements that change state. Introduction: What Are Programming Paradigms?
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  Core Concepts Top-down approachto problem solving Functions and data are separate entities Sequential execution of statements Focus on "how to achieve" rather than "what to achieve" Key Features Modularity through functions Local and global variable scope Parameter passing mechanisms Built-in functions library Code reusability via procedures Examples C: Created by Dennis Ritchie (1972) Pascal: Designed by Niklaus Wirth (1970) FORTRAN: For scientific computing COBOL: For business applications /* Simple C function example */ int calculate_sum(int a, int b) { return a + b; } Programming Paradigms Procedural Programming A programming paradigm based on the concept of procedure calls, where programs are structured as sequences of procedures operating on data.
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  Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Features andPrinciples Definition A programming paradigm based on the concept of "objects" that contain data and code. Objects bundle data (attributes) and procedures (methods) that work on that data. Encapsulation Bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit (class), and restricting access to some of the object's components. This prevents external code from directly manipulating an object's internal state. Inheritance Mechanism where a new class (child) derives or inherits the properties and behaviors from another class (parent), allowing for code reuse and establishing relationships between different classes. Polymorphism Ability of different objects to respond to the same method call in different ways. It allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, enabling flexibility and extensibility. Abstraction Simplification of complex reality by modeling classes based on the essential properties and behaviors, while hiding unnecessary details. Allows focusing on what an object does instead of how it does it.
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  Procedural vs OOOP: Key Differences Structure How codeis organized Procedural: Based on procedures or functions that operate on data OOP: Based on objects that contain both data and methods Data Handling How data is managed Procedural: Data can be accessed globally and modified by any function OOP: Data is encapsulated within objects and accessed via methods Reusability How code is reused Procedural: Functions can be reused but may require passing the same data OOP: Classes can be extended through inheritance to reuse and enhance functionality Security How data is protected Procedural: Limited data protection; mostly relies on careful programming OOP: Data hiding through access modifiers (private, protected, public) Programming Paradigms
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  Advantages & Disadvantages ProceduralProgramming Advantages: Simple to implement and understand. Faster execution for simple tasks. Efficient memory usage for small programs. Disadvantages: Difficult to maintain in large programs. Limited data security (can’t hide data). Code reuse requires duplicating functions. Object-Oriented Programming Advantages: Data security through hiding data. Code reusability through inheritance. Natural modeling of real-world entities. Disadvantages: Steeper learning curve for beginners Potential performance overhead Over-engineering for simple problems Selection Considerations Choose Procedural When: Building simple, small-scale applications Performance-critical systems Mathematical or algorithmic focus Choose OOP When: Large, complex software systems Team-based development projects GUI applications and games
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  Real-Life Analogy: Procedural vsOOP Procedural Programming Like following a recipe step-by-step where you have ingredients (data) and explicit cooking instructions (functions) kept separately. You follow each procedure in sequence to complete the dish. Object-Oriented Programming Like kitchen appliances (objects) with their own capabilities (methods) and states (properties). Each appliance knows how to operate itself and maintains its own internal state. Making It Practical In procedural, you call functions on data: cook(ingredients). In OOP, objects perform actions themselves: microwave.heat() or blender.mix(). The latter is more intuitive for complex systems that model real-world interactions.
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  Conclusion: When to Use Which? Use ProceduralWhen... •Building small to medium- sized applications. •Performance is critical (resource- limited environments). •Solving mathematically intensive problems. •Simple data transformations are the focus. Use OOP When... • Developing large, complex systems. • Creating GUI applications. •Working with teams on collaborative projects. •Modeling real-world entities and relationships. Decision Criteria Consider project scale, team expertise, maintainability requirements, and whether problem domain naturally fits into objects or processes when choosing your programming approach, architectural pattern, or development methodology. Hybrid Approach Modern software often combines paradigms strategically. Many languages support multi-paradigm development, allowing you to use procedural techniques within object-oriented frameworks, functional programming principles in specific modules, or event-driven programming for user interfaces.
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  Thank You! Procedural programming Solvesproblems step by step; OOP solves them by Modelling the world. Questions are welcome.