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<b>Trail:</b> Learning the Java Language
<br /><b>Lesson:</b> Numbers and Strings
<br /><b>Section:</b> Numbers
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<div class="linkBHEAD"><a href="numberformat.html">Formatting Numeric Print Output</a></div>
<div class="nolinkBHEAD">Beyond Basic Arithmetic</div>
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<div id="PageTitle"><h1>Beyond Basic Arithmetic</h1></div>
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<!-- Beyond Basic Arithmetic -->
<p>The Java programming language supports basic arithmetic with its arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, and %. The
<a class="APILink" target="_blank" href="http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Math.html"><code>Math</code> </a>class in the <code>java.lang</code> package provides methods and constants for doing more advanced mathematical computation.</p>
<p>The methods in the <code>Math</code> class are all static, so you call them directly from the class, like this:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
Math.cos(angle);
</pre></div>
<div class="note"><hr /><strong>Note:</strong> Using the
<a class="TutorialLink" target="_top" href="../package/usepkgs.html#staticimport"><code>static import</code> </a>language feature, you don't have to write <code>Math</code> in front of every math function:
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
import static java.lang.Math.*;
</pre></div>
<p>This allows you to invoke the <code>Math</code> class methods by their simple names. For example:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
cos(angle);
</pre></div>
<hr /></div>
<h2>Constants and Basic Methods</h2>
<p>The <code>Math</code> class includes two constants:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Math.E</code>, which is the base of natural logarithms, and</li>
<li><code>Math.PI</code>, which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Math</code> class also includes more than 40 static methods. The following table lists a number of the basic methods.</p>
<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3" summary="This table lists the basic math methods">
<caption style="font-weight: bold">Basic Math Methods</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th id="h1">Method</th>
<th id="h2" width="50%">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>double abs(double d)<br />
float abs(float f)<br />
int abs(int i)<br />
long abs(long lng)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the absolute value of the argument.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>double ceil(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to the argument. Returned as a double.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>double floor(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to the argument. Returned as a double.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>double rint(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the integer that is closest in value to the argument. Returned as a double.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>long round(double d)<br />
int round(float f)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the closest long or int, as indicated by the method's return type, to the argument.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>double min(double arg1, double arg2)<br />
float min(float arg1, float arg2)<br />
int min(int arg1, int arg2)<br />
long min(long arg1, long arg2)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the smaller of the two arguments.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h1"><code>double max(double arg1, double arg2)<br />
float max(float arg1, float arg2)<br />
int max(int arg1, int arg2)<br />
long max(long arg1, long arg2)</code></td>
<td headers="h2">Returns the larger of the two arguments.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The following program,
<a class="SourceLink" target="_blank" href="examples/BasicMathDemo.java" onclick="showCode('../../displayCode.html', 'examples/BasicMathDemo.java'); return false;"><code>BasicMathDemo</code></a> , illustrates how to use some of these methods:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public class BasicMathDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double a = -191.635;
double b = 43.74;
int c = 16, d = 45;
System.out.printf("The absolute value " + "of %.3f is %.3f%n",
a, Math.abs(a));
System.out.printf("The ceiling of " + "%.2f is %.0f%n",
b, Math.ceil(b));
System.out.printf("The floor of " + "%.2f is %.0f%n",
b, Math.floor(b));
System.out.printf("The rint of %.2f " + "is %.0f%n",
b, Math.rint(b));
System.out.printf("The max of %d and " + "%d is %d%n",
c, d, Math.max(c, d));
System.out.printf("The min of of %d " + "and %d is %d%n",
c, d, Math.min(c, d));
}
}
</pre></div>
<p>Here's the output from this program:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
The absolute value of -191.635 is 191.635
The ceiling of 43.74 is 44
The floor of 43.74 is 43
The rint of 43.74 is 44
The max of 16 and 45 is 45
The min of 16 and 45 is 16
</pre></div>
<h2>Exponential and Logarithmic Methods</h2>
<p>The next table lists exponential and logarithmic methods of the <code>Math</code> class.</p>
<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3" summary="This table lists the exponential and logarithmic math methods">
<caption style="font-weight: bold">Exponential and Logarithmic Methods</caption>
<tr>
<th id="h101">Method</th>
<th id="h102" width="50%">Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h101"><code>double exp(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h102">Returns the base of the natural logarithms, e, to the power of the argument.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h101"><code>double log(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h102">Returns the natural logarithm of the argument.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h101"><code>double pow(double base, double exponent)</code></td>
<td headers="h102">Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h101"><code>double sqrt(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h102">Returns the square root of the argument.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The following program,
<a class="SourceLink" target="_blank" href="examples/ExponentialDemo.java" onclick="showCode('../../displayCode.html', 'examples/ExponentialDemo.java'); return false;"><code>ExponentialDemo</code></a>, displays the value of <code>e</code>, then calls each of the methods listed in the previous table on arbitrarily chosen numbers:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public class ExponentialDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double x = 11.635;
double y = 2.76;
System.out.printf("The value of " + "e is %.4f%n",
Math.E);
System.out.printf("exp(%.3f) " + "is %.3f%n",
x, Math.exp(x));
System.out.printf("log(%.3f) is " + "%.3f%n",
x, Math.log(x));
System.out.printf("pow(%.3f, %.3f) " + "is %.3f%n",
x, y, Math.pow(x, y));
System.out.printf("sqrt(%.3f) is " + "%.3f%n",
x, Math.sqrt(x));
}
}
</pre></div>
<p>Here's the output you'll see when you run <code>ExponentialDemo</code>:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
The value of e is 2.7183
exp(11.635) is 112983.831
log(11.635) is 2.454
pow(11.635, 2.760) is 874.008
sqrt(11.635) is 3.411
</pre></div>
<h2>Trigonometric Methods</h2>
<p>The <code>Math</code> class also provides a collection of trigonometric functions, which are summarized in the following table. The value passed into each of these methods is an angle expressed in radians. You can use the <code>toRadians</code> method to convert from degrees to radians.</p>
<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3" summary="This table lists trigonometric math methods">
<caption style="font-weight: bold">Trigonometric Methods</caption>
<tr>
<th id="h201">Method</th>
<th id="h202" width="50%">Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double sin(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Returns the sine of the specified double value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double cos(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Returns the cosine of the specified double value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double tan(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Returns the tangent of the specified double value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double asin(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Returns the arcsine of the specified double value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double acos(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Returns the arccosine of the specified double value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double atan(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Returns the arctangent of the specified double value.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double atan2(double y, double x)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Converts rectangular coordinates <code>(x, y)</code> to polar coordinate <code>(r, theta)</code> and returns <code>theta</code>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td headers="h201"><code>double toDegrees(double d)<br />
double toRadians(double d)</code></td>
<td headers="h202">Converts the argument to degrees or radians.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Here's a program,
<a class="SourceLink" target="_blank" href="examples/TrigonometricDemo.java" onclick="showCode('../../displayCode.html', 'examples/TrigonometricDemo.java'); return false;"><code>TrigonometricDemo</code></a>, that uses each of these methods to compute various trigonometric values for a 45-degree angle:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
public class TrigonometricDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double degrees = 45.0;
double radians = Math.toRadians(degrees);
System.out.format("The value of pi " + "is %.4f%n",
Math.PI);
System.out.format("The sine of %.1f " + "degrees is %.4f%n",
degrees, Math.sin(radians));
System.out.format("The cosine of %.1f " + "degrees is %.4f%n",
degrees, Math.cos(radians));
System.out.format("The tangent of %.1f " + "degrees is %.4f%n",
degrees, Math.tan(radians));
System.out.format("The arcsine of %.4f " + "is %.4f degrees %n",
Math.sin(radians),
Math.toDegrees(Math.asin(Math.sin(radians))));
System.out.format("The arccosine of %.4f " + "is %.4f degrees %n",
Math.cos(radians),
Math.toDegrees(Math.acos(Math.cos(radians))));
System.out.format("The arctangent of %.4f " + "is %.4f degrees %n",
Math.tan(radians),
Math.toDegrees(Math.atan(Math.tan(radians))));
}
}
</pre></div>
<p>The output of this program is as follows:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
The value of pi is 3.1416
The sine of 45.0 degrees is 0.7071
The cosine of 45.0 degrees is 0.7071
The tangent of 45.0 degrees is 1.0000
The arcsine of 0.7071 is 45.0000 degrees
The arccosine of 0.7071 is 45.0000 degrees
The arctangent of 1.0000 is 45.0000 degrees
</pre></div>
<h2>Random Numbers</h2>
<p>The <code>random()</code> method returns a pseudo-randomly selected number between 0.0 and 1.0. The range includes 0.0 but not 1.0. In other words: <code>0.0 <= Math.random() < 1.0</code>. To get a number in a different range, you can perform arithmetic on the value returned by the random method. For example, to generate an integer between 0 and 9, you would write:</p>
<div class="codeblock"><pre>
int number = (int)(Math.random() * 10);
</pre></div>
<p>By multiplying the value by 10, the range of possible values becomes <code>0.0 <= number < 10.0</code>.</p>
<p>Using <code>Math.random</code> works well when you need to generate a single random number. If you need to generate a series of random numbers, you should create an instance of <code>java.util.Random</code> and invoke methods on that object to generate numbers.</p>
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